by Nathan Schneider

Portrait of James Lawson courtesy Vanderbilt University, vanderbilt.edu

Editor’s Preface: James Lawson was one of the chief organizers of the Civil Rights Movement, especially of the Nashville lunch-counter sit-ins. Throughout his long career he has steadfastly emphasized the need to develop long-range nonviolent strategies, not just short-term tactics. Please see the note at the end for further information about Lawson, Nathan Schneider, links, and acknowledgments. JG

Nathan Schneider: For activists trying to reclaim people’s power among all the powerful corporations at work today, what do you think can be learned from the civil-rights movement? What are the lessons from your experience?

James Lawson: Well, I think that the main thing that activists must learn is nonviolent philosophy, methodology, techniques, and strategy. They need to work from an investigation and assessment of their local base, determining thereby the skills and techniques that will organize and mobilize people in that local scene. No social movement is going to take place if it doesn’t have roots in what’s going on in Cleveland, Ohio, or Washington, DC, or right across Georgia. That’s how movements take place, and that’s how movements have taken place in the United States—not by national policy, but by local groups assessing their own scene and trying to be real about how to start working.

At the local level, people need to get some processes going that will cut down the sales of certain companies and corporations and begin to send a mighty message. It may not be possible to do that in the first year, but I’d be willing to wager that steady organizing around something specific would begin to have an impact. That’s the first task.

I maintain that we have more than enough activists and activism in our country. What we do not have is a unity of understanding about how you go about putting that activism to work. We’re all over the ballpark. Very few people are playing the nine positions of the ball team that you’re going to need to defend, or have an offense.

Schneider: How do you go about uniting disparate movements, or quasi-movements, or disparate groups of activists who want to do something? How do you bring them into a common cause?

Lawson: A wide range of progressive organizations were in the streets while we were campaigning for civil rights. That movement affected many different kinds of issues. For the first time, in the Civil Rights Bill, the government said that hiring—in the public or private sector—could not be discriminatory by national origin, color, gender, or age. Disability coverage came later. As a society, we had never given much thought to that before; if I was a business owner, I could just decide to hire my friends, rather than serving the public. But now, I had an obligation to certain values that strengthened the well-being of the nation as a whole.

Many people don’t remember that during the period between about 1963 and 1968, the Congress, with an activist president—even though he got himself and the country entangled in Vietnam—passed the most progressive legislation that the nation had ever had. This included Medicare, Head Start, and federal grants to allow students to go to college at the expense of the tax dollar. Congress passed the first immigration-reform bill that turned immigration from a white-only policy to a more worldwide policy. It provided funds that nonprofits and local cities and towns could use to make sure there would be affordable housing available. It passed an anti-poverty program, making money available to local citizens and their governments to do a great variety of things concerning adult literacy, children, work, housing, and education.

Schneider: So, campaigning around the issue of civil rights—or even something narrower like desegregating certain areas of American cities—opened the door for all these other issues?

Lawson: It opened the door for the President and the Congress to see that there were a great variety of ways in which the quality of life of the whole society could be raised. Local organizing must converge at the point of agenda and bring together issues that affect a broad spectrum of people. A part of my thesis here is that we cannot resolve the issue of racism if we do not resolve the issue of sexism. We cannot resolve the sexism if we are not willing to deal with the forms of structural violence that destroy so many people. And we cannot resolve structural violence if we do not deal with the issue of the injustice of economic exploitation—abuse and fraud and the rest of it. Greed must be reigned in by justice. You see, there is a huge set of secondary issues that will be affected by such a convergence. In the civil-rights movement, we were not only talking about Jim Crow law, or segregation. We were talking about the lack of access to work, to education, to housing—the lack of access across the board. Discrimination in hiring affected more women than it affected black people per se. We need to think in terms of interdependencies. Environmentalist groups, for example, cannot accomplish the wellbeing of our social, or natural environment if they are unwilling to work on it in a way that’s going to affect and dismantle interrelated forms of injustice.

Schneider: Has doing nonviolent resistance affected your spiritual views? And do you think that a new kind of spirituality is required for the expansion and growth and development of nonviolent movements?

Lawson: The heart of spirituality, according to biblical thought, is to love God and to love the neighbor as yourself. I see nonviolent theory and practice as a fulfillment of the commandment to love, maybe even the major fulfillment. It means that it is not a non-traditional spirituality, therefore, that’s necessary, but simply the ancient spiritualities that any number of world religions have tried to cultivate and encourage for centuries.

A part of what nonviolent practice and activity has done for me is it has deeply escalated what I call my “confidence in the universe,” my willingness to engage in its care. It has also greatly expanded my heart at the point of seeing people in a different light. I think that that’s at the fore of any kind of spirituality; to become more human. But to become more human, your heart has to become more compassionate, more inclusive of other human beings. That’s what Jesus said. So, the spirituality of my childhood and teenage years has been greatly challenged and deepened and enlarged in ways that I could have had no imagination about before. How would I have known? How would you know as a child, as a teenager, or even as a student that this course of action would mean an expansion of life, of spirituality, of compassion for life? I had no notion of that.

EDITOR’S NOTE: The American activist James Morris Lawson, Jr. (b.1928) is professor emeritus at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. He was a leading theoretician and tactician of nonviolence within the Civil Rights Movement. During the 1960s, he served as a mentor to the Nashville Student Movement and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and to this day continues to train activists in nonviolence. Nathan Schneider is a frequent contributor to our site. He is an editor at KillingtheBuddha.com, and also has his own website, nathanschneider.info.  Please access his author’s page by clicking on his byline, or via our Author Archives link at the top of the page.   The article was posted at wagingnonviolence.org on June 27, 2011, with kind permission.